研究过vue.js的童鞋,对于axios肯定会有些了解,它基于Promise的HTTP客户端,用于浏览器和node.js。那如何去应用它呢?我们一起从最基础的学习起吧。
特征
首先了解下axios的一些主要特征应用:
1、从浏览器发出XMLHttpRequests
2、从node.js发出HTTP请求
3、支持Promise API
4、拦截请求和响应
5、转换请求和响应数据
6、取消请求
7、JSON数据的自动转换
8、客户端支持以防止XSRF
如何安装anios
使用npm:
$ npm install axios
使用bower:
$ bower install axios
使用yarn:
$ yarn add axios
使用cdn:
<script src =“ https://unpkg.com/axios/dist/axios.min.js”> </ script>
安装很简单的,接下来我们来看些如何在实际项目中的应用。
实例应用
注意:CommonJS用法
为了在将CommonJS导入与require()一起使用时获得TypeScript类型(用于智能/自动完成),请使用以下方法:
- const axios = require(‘axios’).default;
- // axios。<method>现在将提供自动完成和参数输入
执行GET请求
- const axios = require(‘axios’);
- // Make a request for a user with a given ID
- axios.get(‘/user?ID=12345’)
- .then(function (response) {
- // handle success
- console.log(response);
- })
- .catch(function (error) {
- // handle error
- console.log(error);
- })
- .finally(function () {
- // always executed
- });
- // Optionally the request above could also be done as
- axios.get(‘/user’, {
- params: {
- ID: 12345
- }
- })
- .then(function (response) {
- console.log(response);
- })
- .catch(function (error) {
- console.log(error);
- })
- .finally(function () {
- // always executed
- });
- // Want to use async/await? Add the `async` keyword to your outer function/method.
- async function getUser() {
- try {
- const response = await axios.get(‘/user?ID=12345’);
- console.log(response);
- } catch (error) {
- console.error(error);
- }
- }
注意:async / await是ECMAScript 2017的一部分,并且Internet Explorer和旧版浏览器不支持async / await,因此请谨慎使用。
执行POST请求
- axios.post(‘/user’, {
- firstName: ‘Fred’,
- lastName: ‘Flintstone’
- })
- .then(function (response) {
- console.log(response);
- })
- .catch(function (error) {
- console.log(error);
- });
执行多个并发请求
- function getUserAccount() {
- return axios.get(‘/user/12345’);
- }
- function getUserPermissions() {
- return axios.get(‘/user/12345/permissions’);
- }
- axios.all([getUserAccount(), getUserPermissions()])
- .then(axios.spread(function (acct, perms) {
- // Both requests are now complete
- }));
axios API
可以通过将相关配置传递给axios来发出请求。
axios(配置)
- // Send a POST request
- axios({
- method: ‘post’,
- url: ‘/user/12345’,
- data: {
- firstName: ‘Fred’,
- lastName: ‘Flintstone’
- }
- });
- // GET request for remote image
- axios({
- method: ‘get’,
- url: ‘http://bit.ly/2mTM3nY’,
- responseType: ‘stream’
- })
- .then(function (response) {
- response.data.pipe(fs.createWriteStream(‘ada_lovelace.jpg’))
- });
axios(URL [,config])
- // Send a GET request (default method)
- axios(‘/user/12345’);
Request method aliases
为了方便起见,aliases已为所有受支持的请求方法。
- axios.request(配置)
- axios.get(URL [,config])
- axios.delete(url [,config])
- axios.head(url [,config])
- axios.options(url [,config])
- axios.post(URL [,data [,config]])
- axios.put(URL [,data [,config]])
- axios.patch(url [,data [,config]])
注意
使用别名方法时,无需在config中指定url,method和data属性。
并发
帮助程序功能,用于处理并发请求。
- axios.all(可迭代)
- axios.spread(回调)
创建一个实例
您可以使用自定义配置创建axios的新实例。
axios.create([config])
- const instance = axios.create({
- baseURL: ‘https://some-domain.com/api/’,
- timeout: 1000,
- headers: {‘X-Custom-Header’: ‘foobar’}
- });
实例方法
可用的实例方法在下面列出。指定的配置将与实例配置合并。
- axios#request(config)
- axios#get(URL [,config])
- axios#delete(url [,config])
- axios#head(url [,config])
- axios#options(url [,config])
- axios#post(url [,data [,config]])
- axios#put(url [,data [,config]])
- axios#patch(url [,data [,config]])
- axios#getUri([config])
请求配置
这些是发出请求的可用配置选项。仅URL是必需的。如果未指定method,则请求将默认为GET。
- {
- // `url` is the server URL that will be used for the request
- url: ‘/user’,
- // `method` is the request method to be used when making the request
- method: ‘get’, // default
- // `baseURL` will be prepended to `url` unless `url` is absolute.
- // It can be convenient to set `baseURL` for an instance of axios to pass relative URLs
- // to methods of that instance.
- baseURL: ‘https://some-domain.com/api/’,
- // `transformRequest` allows changes to the request data before it is sent to the server
- // This is only applicable for request methods ‘PUT’, ‘POST’, ‘PATCH’ and ‘DELETE’
- // The last function in the array must return a string or an instance of Buffer, ArrayBuffer,
- // FormData or Stream
- // You may modify the headers object.
- transformRequest: [function (data, headers) {
- // Do whatever you want to transform the data
- return data;
- }],
- // `transformResponse` allows changes to the response data to be made before
- // it is passed to then/catch
- transformResponse: [function (data) {
- // Do whatever you want to transform the data
- return data;
- }],
- // `headers` are custom headers to be sent
- headers: {‘X-Requested-With’: ‘XMLHttpRequest’},
- // `params` are the URL parameters to be sent with the request
- // Must be a plain object or a URLSearchParams object
- params: {
- ID: 12345
- },
- // `paramsSerializer` is an optional function in charge of serializing `params`
- // (e.g. https://www.npmjs.com/package/qs, http://api.jquery.com/jquery.param/)
- paramsSerializer: function (params) {
- return Qs.stringify(params, {arrayFormat: ‘brackets’})
- },
- // `data` is the data to be sent as the request body
- // Only applicable for request methods ‘PUT’, ‘POST’, and ‘PATCH’
- // When no `transformRequest` is set, must be of one of the following types:
- // – string, plain object, ArrayBuffer, ArrayBufferView, URLSearchParams
- // – Browser only: FormData, File, Blob
- // – Node only: Stream, Buffer
- data: {
- firstName: ‘Fred’
- },
- // syntax alternative to send data into the body
- // method post
- // only the value is sent, not the key
- data: ‘Country=Brasil&City=Belo Horizonte’,
- // `timeout` specifies the number of milliseconds before the request times out.
- // If the request takes longer than `timeout`, the request will be aborted.
- timeout: 1000, // default is `0` (no timeout)
- // `withCredentials` indicates whether or not cross-site Access-Control requests
- // should be made using credentials
- withCredentials: false, // default
- // `adapter` allows custom handling of requests which makes testing easier.
- // Return a promise and supply a valid response (see lib/adapters/README.md).
- adapter: function (config) {
- /* … */
- },
- // `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used, and supplies credentials.
- // This will set an `Authorization` header, overwriting any existing
- // `Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.
- // Please note that only HTTP Basic auth is configurable through this parameter.
- // For Bearer tokens and such, use `Authorization` custom headers instead.
- auth: {
- username: ‘janedoe’,
- password: ‘s00pers3cret’
- },
- // `responseType` indicates the type of data that the server will respond with
- // options are: ‘arraybuffer’, ‘document’, ‘json’, ‘text’, ‘stream’
- // browser only: ‘blob’
- responseType: ‘json’, // default
- // `responseEncoding` indicates encoding to use for decoding responses
- // Note: Ignored for `responseType` of ‘stream’ or client-side requests
- responseEncoding: ‘utf8’, // default
- // `xsrfCookieName` is the name of the cookie to use as a value for xsrf token
- xsrfCookieName: ‘XSRF-TOKEN’, // default
- // `xsrfHeaderName` is the name of the http header that carries the xsrf token value
- xsrfHeaderName: ‘X-XSRF-TOKEN’, // default
- // `onUploadProgress` allows handling of progress events for uploads
- onUploadProgress: function (progressEvent) {
- // Do whatever you want with the native progress event
- },
- // `onDownloadProgress` allows handling of progress events for downloads
- onDownloadProgress: function (progressEvent) {
- // Do whatever you want with the native progress event
- },
- // `maxContentLength` defines the max size of the http response content in bytes allowed
- maxContentLength: 2000,
- // `validateStatus` defines whether to resolve or reject the promise for a given
- // HTTP response status code. If `validateStatus` returns `true` (or is set to `null`
- // or `undefined`), the promise will be resolved; otherwise, the promise will be
- // rejected.
- validateStatus: function (status) {
- return status >= 200 && status < 300; // default
- },
- // `maxRedirects` defines the maximum number of redirects to follow in node.js.
- // If set to 0, no redirects will be followed.
- maxRedirects: 5, // default
- // `socketPath` defines a UNIX Socket to be used in node.js.
- // e.g. ‘/var/run/docker.sock’ to send requests to the docker daemon.
- // Only either `socketPath` or `proxy` can be specified.
- // If both are specified, `socketPath` is used.
- socketPath: null, // default
- // `httpAgent` and `httpsAgent` define a custom agent to be used when performing http
- // and https requests, respectively, in node.js. This allows options to be added like
- // `keepAlive` that are not enabled by default.
- httpAgent: new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true }),
- httpsAgent: new https.Agent({ keepAlive: true }),
- // ‘proxy’ defines the hostname and port of the proxy server.
- // You can also define your proxy using the conventional `http_proxy` and
- // `https_proxy` environment variables. If you are using environment variables
- // for your proxy configuration, you can also define a `no_proxy` environment
- // variable as a comma-separated list of domains that should not be proxied.
- // Use `false` to disable proxies, ignoring environment variables.
- // `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used to connect to the proxy, and
- // supplies credentials.
- // This will set an `Proxy-Authorization` header, overwriting any existing
- // `Proxy-Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.
- proxy: {
- host: ‘127.0.0.1’,
- port: 9000,
- auth: {
- username: ‘mikeymike’,
- password: ‘rapunz3l’
- }
- },
- // `cancelToken` specifies a cancel token that can be used to cancel the request
- // (see Cancellation section below for details)
- cancelToken: new CancelToken(function (cancel) {
- })
- }
响应模式
请求的响应包含以下信息。
- {
- // `data` is the response that was provided by the server
- data: {},
- // `status` is the HTTP status code from the server response
- status: 200,
- // `statusText` is the HTTP status message from the server response
- statusText: ‘OK’,
- // `headers` the headers that the server responded with
- // All header names are lower cased
- headers: {},
- // `config` is the config that was provided to `axios` for the request
- config: {},
- // `request` is the request that generated this response
- // It is the last ClientRequest instance in node.js (in redirects)
- // and an XMLHttpRequest instance in the browser
- request: {}
- }
使用then时,您将收到如下响应:
- axios.get(‘/user/12345’)
- .then(function (response) {
- console.log(response.data);
- console.log(response.status);
- console.log(response.statusText);
- console.log(response.headers);
- console.log(response.config);
- });
当使用catch或将拒绝回调作为then的第二个参数传递时,响应将通过错误对象提供,如“处理错误”部分所述。
配置默认值
您可以指定将应用于每个请求的配置默认值。
全局axios默认值
- axios.defaults.baseURL = ‘https://api.example.com’;
- axios.defaults.headers.common[‘Authorization’] = AUTH_TOKEN;
- axios.defaults.headers.post[‘Content-Type’] = ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’;
自定义实例默认值
- //创建实例时设置默认配置
- const instance = axios.create({
- baseURL:“ https://api.example.com”
- });
- //创建实例后更改默认值
- instance.defaults.headers.common [‘Authorization’] = AUTH_TOKEN;
配置优先顺序
Config将以优先顺序合并。顺序是在lib / defaults.js中找到库默认值,然后是实例的defaults属性,最后是请求的config参数。后者将优先于前者。这是一个例子。
- //使用库提供的配置默认值创建实例
- //此时,超时配置值为0,这是库的默认值
- const instance = axios.create();
- //默认情况下,库的超时超时
- //现在使用此实例的所有请求将等待2.5秒,然后再超时
- instance.defaults.timeout = 2500;
- //覆盖此请求的超时时间,因为它需要花费很长时间
- instance.get(‘/ longRequest’,{
- timeout:5000
- });
拦截器
您可以先拦截请求或响应,然后再进行捕获或捕获。
- //添加请求拦截器
- axios.interceptors.request.use(function (config) {
- //在发送请求之前先做点事
- return config;
- }, function (error) {
- //发生请求错误
- return Promise.reject(error);
- });
- //添加响应拦截器
- axios.interceptors.response.use(function (response) {
- //处于2xx范围内的任何状态代码都会导致此函数触发
- //对响应数据进行处理
- return response;
- }, function (error) {
- //任何超出2xx范围的状态代码都会触发此函数
- //做一些响应错误
- return Promise.reject(error);
- });
如果以后需要删除拦截器,则可以。
- const myInterceptor = axios.interceptors.request.use(function(){/*…*/});
- axios.interceptors.request.eject(myInterceptor);
您可以将拦截器添加到axios的自定义实例中。
- const instance = axios.create();
- instance.interceptors.request.use(function(){/*…*/});
处理错误
- axios.get(‘/user/12345’)
- .catch(function (error) {
- if (error.response) {
- //发出了请求,服务器返回了状态码
- //不在2xx范围内
- console.log(error.response.data);
- console.log(error.response.status);
- console.log(error.response.headers);
- } else if (error.request) {
- //已发出请求,但未收到响应
- //`error.request`是浏览器中XMLHttpRequest的实例,也是
- // node.js中的http.ClientRequest
- console.log(error.request);
- } else {
- //设置触发错误的请求时发生了什么
- console.log(‘Error’, error.message);
- }
- console.log(error.config);
- });
使用validateStatus config选项,您可以定义应该引发错误的HTTP代码。
- axios.get(‘/user/12345’, {
- validateStatus: function (status) {
- return status < 500; //仅在状态码大于或等于500时拒绝
- }
- })
使用toJSON,您将获得一个对象,其中包含有关HTTP错误的更多信息。
- axios.get(‘/user/12345’)
- .catch(function (error) {
- console.log(error.toJSON());
- });
Cancellation
您可以使用cancel token取消请求。
axios取消tokenAPI基于撤回的可取消承诺提议。
您可以使用CancelToken.source工厂创建一个cancel token,如下所示:
- const CancelToken = axios.CancelToken;
- const source = CancelToken.source();
- axios.get(‘/user/12345’, {
- cancelToken: source.token
- }).catch(function (thrown) {
- if (axios.isCancel(thrown)) {
- console.log(‘Request canceled’, thrown.message);
- } else {
- // handle error
- }
- });
- axios.post(‘/user/12345’, {
- name: ‘new name’
- }, {
- cancelToken: source.token
- })
- //取消请求(message参数是可选的)
- source.cancel(‘Operation canceled by the user.’);
您还可以通过将执行程序函数传递给CancelToken构造函数来创建cancel token:
- const CancelToken = axios.CancelToken;
- let cancel;
- axios.get(‘/user/12345’, {
- cancelToken: new CancelToken(function executor(c) {
- // An executor function receives a cancel function as a parameter
- cancel = c;
- })
- });
- // cancel the request
- cancel();
注意:您可以使用相同的cancel token取消多个请求。
使用application / x-www-form-urlencoded格式
默认情况下,axios将JavaScript对象序列化为JSON。要改为以application / x-www-form-urlencoded格式发送数据,可以使用以下选项之一。
浏览器
在浏览器中,可以如下使用URLSearchParams API:
- const params = new URLSearchParams();
- params.append(‘param1’, ‘value1’);
- params.append(‘param2’, ‘value2’);
- axios.post(‘/foo’, params);
请注意,并非所有浏览器都支持URLSearchParams(请参见caniuse.com),但是有可用的polyfill(确保对全局环境进行polyfill)。
另外,您可以使用qs库对数据进行编码:
- const qs = require(‘qs’);
- axios.post(‘/ foo’,qs.stringify({‘bar’:123}));
或以另一种方式(ES6),
- import qs from ‘qs’;
- const data = { ‘bar’: 123 };
- const options = {
- method: ‘POST’,
- headers: { ‘content-type’: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’ },
- data: qs.stringify(data),
- url,
- };
- axios(options);
Node.js
在node.js中,可以按以下方式使用querystring模块:
- const querystring = require(‘querystring’);
- axios.post(‘http://something.com/’,querystring.stringify({foo:‘bar’})));
您也可以使用qs库。
注意: 如果需要对嵌套对象进行字符串化处理,则最好使用qs库,因为querystring方法存在该用例的已知问题(https://github.com/nodejs/node-v0.x-archive/issues/1665)。
Promises
axios取决于要支持的本机ES6 Promise实现。如果您的环境不支持ES6 Promises,则可以进行polyfill。
TypeScript
axios包括TypeScript定义。
- import axios from ‘axios’;
- axios.get(‘/user?ID=12345’);
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